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Table 6 Adjusted Risk of Maternal and Fetal/Neonatal Outcomes by Hemoglobin Concentration for Pakistan

From: Hemoglobin concentrations and adverse birth outcomes in South Asian pregnant women: findings from a prospective Maternal and Neonatal Health Registry

Outcomes

<  7.0 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

7.0–7.9 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

8.0–8.9 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

9.0–9.9 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

10.0–10.9 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

≥ 13.0 g/dL vs.11.0–12.9 g/dL

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

RR/MD(95% CI)

P-value

Maternal Outcomes

 Maternal death < 42 days

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Antepartum hemorrhage

1.86(1.34, 2.57)

0.0002

0.86(0.55, 1.37)

0.5356

1.19(0.84, 1.68)

0.3400

1.09(0.80, 1.47)

0.5843

1.20(0.80, 1.80)

0.3873

1.37(0.80, 2.36)

0.2544

 Postpartum hemorrhage

1.68(1.16, 2.43)

0.0064

1.48(1.02, 2.15)

0.0403

1.22(0.81, 1.85)

0.3381

1.29(0.86, 1.95)

0.2196

1.22(0.86, 1.75)

0.2703

1.61(0.84, 3.07)

0.1478

 Hypertensive disease /pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia2

1.18(0.81, 1.73)

0.3910

0.98(0.63, 1.51)

0.9137

0.99(0.76, 1.29)

0.9573

0.95(0.78, 1.16)

0.5973

0.92(0.69, 1.22)

0.5554

0.99(0.59, 1.65)

0.9650

 Obstructed labor

1.13(0.89, 1.45)

0.3166

0.98(0.82, 1.18)

0.8669

1.00(0.85, 1.18)

0.9948

0.92(0.80, 1.06)

0.2600

1.00(0.88, 1.13)

0.9970

1.02(0.66, 1.57)

0.9288

 Cesarean delivery

0.64(0.53, 0.76)

<.0001

0.67(0.55, 0.82)

0.0001

0.77(0.69, 0.86)

<.0001

0.86(0.79, 0.94)

0.0006

0.94(0.89, 0.99)

0.0292

0.98(0.82, 1.16)

0.7896

 Preterm

1.63(1.42, 1.87)

<.0001

1.35(1.21, 1.51)

<.0001

1.26(1.17, 1.35)

<.0001

1.24(1.13, 1.35)

<.0001

1.17(1.06, 1.29)

0.0013

1.07(0.88, 1.31)

0.5043

Fetal/Neonatal Outcomes

 Stillbirth

2.25(1.76, 2.88)

<.0001

1.55(1.17, 2.06)

0.0021

1.22(0.94, 1.59)

0.1408

1.22(1.05, 1.42)

0.0115

1.15(0.93, 1.43)

0.2022

1.27(0.84, 1.90)

0.2544

 Neonatal mortality <  7 days

1.42(1.05, 1.93)

0.0249

1.11(0.83, 1.50)

0.4808

1.12(0.88, 1.43)

0.3648

1.13(0.95, 1.34)

0.1675

0.88(0.71, 1.09)

0.2277

1.64(1.07, 2.50)

0.0225

 Neonatal mortality < 28 days

1.56(1.13, 2.15)

0.0071

1.20(0.92, 1.56)

0.1786

1.19(0.95, 1.49)

0.1371

1.14(0.97, 1.35)

0.1140

0.96(0.77, 1.18)

0.6769

1.49(1.00, 2.23)

0.0495

 Birth weight (g)

−177.8(− 212.0, − 143.7)

<.0001

−86.1(−115.3, −56.9)

<.0001

−74.6(−99.4, −49.7)

<.0001

−64.2(−87.5, −41.0)

<.0001

−33.4(−57.3, − 9.6)

0.0060

−43.9(−98.5, 10.8)

0.1157

 Low birth weight(<  2500 g)

1.65(1.49, 1.82)

<.0001

1.31(1.19, 1.44)

<.0001

1.23(1.14, 1.33)

<.0001

1.16(1.06, 1.27)

0.0018

1.08(1.00, 1.18)

0.0613

1.29(1.06, 1.56)

0.0108

  1. 1Relative risks (RR) and p-values for binary outcomes are obtained from generalized linear models with a binomial distribution assumption and log-link accounting for potential confounders of age, education, parity, BMI and GA at enrollment controlling for within-cluster correlation. For the continuous outcome of birthweight, the mean differences (MD) and p-values are from a linear mixed model controlling for cluster as a random effect and accounting for age, education, parity, BMI and GA at enrollment
  2. 2Generalized linear model with a Poisson distribution assumption and log-link
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Reproductive Health

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