Table 4 Multi-level multivariable logistic regression models on individual and community-level factors associated with uptake of modern contraceptive methods in Somaliland based on data from SLDHS 2020

Education level

 No formal education

Ref

Ref

 Primary school

1.07 (0.41, 2.84)

1.18 (0.44, 3.20)

 Secondary school

3.71(1.21,11.30)*

3.72 (1.18, 11.66)*

 Tertiary school

2.11 (1.12, 8.92)*

2.11 (1.20, 9.11)*

Wealth index

 Lower

Ref

Ref

 Second

4.81 (0.91,25.36)

8.02 (1.41, 45.74)*

 Middle

4.33 (0.75,24.79)

14.82 (1.51, 146.09)*

 Fourth

3.01 (0.54,16.75)

10.02 (1.04, 96.08)*

 Highest

5.67(1.11,28.95)*

17.22 (1.90, 155.92)*

Use internet

 Yes

Ref

Ref

 No

0.56 (0.21, 1.47)

0.57 (0.27, 1.55)

FP HE by radio

 Yes

Ref

Ref

 No

1.04(0.43, 2.52)

1.01 (0.42, 2.43)

FP HE By TV

 Yes

Ref

Ref

 No

0.59 (0.24, 1.43)

0.65 (0.26, 1.63)

FP on Magazine

 Yes

Ref

Ref

 No

0.61 (0.18, 2.03)

0.58 (0.17, 1.99)

FP HE from HP

 Yes

Ref

Ref

 No

0.55 (0.24, 1.43)

0.54 (0.26, 1.11)

Residence

 Urban

Ref

Ref

 Rural

0.36(0.16, 0.84)*

0.76 (0.31, 1.94)

 Nomadic

0.25(0.10, 0.66)*

3.63 (0.63, 20.71)

Region

 Awdal

Ref

Ref

 Marodijeh

1.43 (0.32, 6.28)

1.16 (0.25, 5.21)

 Sahil

0.63 (0.15, 2.65)

0.65 (0.15, 2.87)

 Togdher

0.24 (0.04, 1.15)

0.30 (0.05, 1.61)

 Sool

0.56 (0.14, 2.10)

0.54 (0.13,2.27)

 Sanaag

0.56 (0.15, 2.09)

0.54 (0.19, 2.11)

Random effect

 Community level

Variance (SE)

0.48 (0.34)

0.11 (0.19)

0.23 (0.29)

0.23 (0.29)

 ICC (%)

12.8%

3.1%

6.7%

6.5%