Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review
No | Study | Location | Study type | Age (y); mean ± SD | No. of participants | Gravidity of participants | Main outcomes: N (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | |||||
1 | Brosens et al. 2007 [17] | UK | Retrospective case–control study | 32 (21– 44) | 33 (20– 44) | 245 | 274 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Pre-eclampsia | |
2 (0.8%) | 16 (5.8%) | |||||||||
2 | Berlac et al. 2017 [38] | Denmark | National cohort study | 31.4 | 30.4 | 11 739 | 615 533 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Hypertension | |
404 (2.1%) | 18984 (1.8%) | |||||||||
Pre-eclampsia | ||||||||||
588(3.0%) | 23 625 (2.2%) | |||||||||
3 | Conti et al. 2015 [26] | Italy | Cohort study | - | - | 219 | 1331 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Gestational hypertension | |
8 (3.7%) | 77 (5.8%) | |||||||||
Preeclampsia | ||||||||||
5 (2.2%) | 16 (1.2%) | |||||||||
4 | Epelboin et al. 2021 [42] | France | Longitudinal study | 31.7 ± 4.8 | 30.0 ± 5.3 | 31,101 | 4,083,732 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Preeclampsia | |
679 (2.18%) | 64,288 (1.57%) | |||||||||
5 | Farland et al. 2019 [40] | USA | Prospective cohort study | 29.1 ± 5.3 | 29.1 ± 5.3 | 8,875 | 187,847 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | |
541/5,665 (9.5%) | 8,730/131,970 (6.6%) | |||||||||
6 | Farland et al. 2022 [41] | USA | Cohort study | 33.0 ± 4.03 | 34.54 ± 4.23 | 1,560 | 73,868 | Nulliparous and multiparous | PIH/Pre-eclampsia | |
213 (13.7%) | 9,440 (10.5%) | |||||||||
7 | Gebremedhin et al. 2023 [35] | Australia | Population-based retrospective cohort study | 15–49 | 15–49 | 19,476 | 893,271 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Preeclampsia | |
1468 (7.5%) | 54,098 (6.1%) | |||||||||
8 | Glavind et al. 2017 [39] | Denmark | Danish cohort study | 30–34 | 25–29 | 1,719 | 81,074 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Pre-eclampsia | |
89 (5.18%) | 3519 (4.34%) | |||||||||
9 | Hadfield et al. (2009) [18] | Australia | Population-based, longitudinal study | 31.4 ± 5.1 | 28.3 ± 5.7 | 3239 | 205 640 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Gestational hypertension | |
352(10.9%) | 23 186 (11.3%) | |||||||||
Pre-eclampsia | ||||||||||
103 (3.2%) | 6564 (3.2%) | |||||||||
10 | Harada et al. (2016) [30] | Japan | Prospective cohort study | 15–45 | 15–45 | 330 | 8,856 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Pre-eclampsia | |
8 (2.4%) | 281(3.1%) | |||||||||
11 | Ibiebele et al. 2022 [36] | Australia | Population-based cohort study | 32.0 ± 5.1 | 29.7 ± 5.7 | 13 406 | 556922 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Pregnancy hypertension | |
1378 (10.3%) | 50 231 (9.0%) | |||||||||
12 | Lin et al. 2015 [33] | China | Retrospective cohort study | 32.8 ± 4.0 | 30.6 ± 3.5 | 249 | 249 | Nulliparous—multiparous | Pregnancy-induced hypertension | |
9 (3.6%) | 11 (4.4%) | |||||||||
13 | Liu et al. 2023 [6] | China | Retrospective study | 31.96 ± 4.38 | 31.75 ± 4.33 | 1026 | 2783 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Gestational hypertension | |
19 (1.85%) | 60 (2.16%) | |||||||||
Preeclampsia | ||||||||||
38 (3.70%) | 61 (2.19%) | |||||||||
14 | Mekaru et al. 2013 [31] | Japan | Retrospective analysis | 33.0 ± 3.8 | 33.6 ± 4.1 | 49 | 59 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Pregnancy-induced hypertension | |
6 (15%) | 6 (12.5%) | |||||||||
15 | Miura et al. 2019 [32] | Japan | Case–control study | 34.2 ± 4.6 | 32.9 ± 5.2 | 80 | 2689 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy | |
4 (5.0%) | 187 (7.0%) | |||||||||
16 | Pan et al. 2017 [10] | Taiwan | Population-based longitudinal cohort study | 31.77 ± 5.76 | 31.77 ± 5.76 | 2578 | 10312 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Gestational hypertension-preeclampsia | |
100 (3.88%) | 168 (1.63%) | |||||||||
17 | Saraswat et al. 2016 [37] | UK | National population-based cohort study | 30.5 ± 5.2 | 27.2 ± 6.1 | 5375 | 8280 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Hypertensive disorders | |
350 (8.3%) | 452 (6.7%) | |||||||||
18 | Stephansson et al. 2009 [16] | Sweden | Population-based longitudinal study | < 20-> 35 | < 20- > 35 | 13 090 | 1 429 585 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Pre-eclampsia | |
441 (3.37%) | 41 377 (2.89%) | |||||||||
19 | Porpora et al. 2020 [27] | Italy | Prospective cohort study | 31(18–45) | 29(18–42) | 145 | 280 | Nulliparous women | Pregnancy induced hypertension | |
7 (5%) | 16 (6%) | |||||||||
Preeclampsia | ||||||||||
3 (2%) | 2 (1%) | |||||||||
20 | Scala et al. 2019 [28] | Italy | Retrospect analysis | 30.2 (26.8–33) | 30.3(27–33) | 40 | 80 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Preeclampsia | |
9 (7.5%) | 6 (7.5%) | |||||||||
21 | Uccella et al. 2019 [29] | Italy | Retrospective case–control study | 34(22–45) | 31(15–48) | 118 | 1,690 | Nulliparous women | Hypertension/preeclampsia | |
13 (11%) | 99 (5.9%) | |||||||||
22 | Velez et al. 2022 [43] | Canada | Population-based cohort study | 32.95 ± 4.88 | 30.03 ± 5.6 | 19,099 | 768,350 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Hypertensive disorder | |
1042 (5.5%) | 37660 (4.9%) | |||||||||
23 | Xie et al. 2023 [34] | China | Case–control study | 30.96 ± 3.32 | 30.23 ± 2.98 | 188 | 188 | Nulliparous and multiparous | Hypertensive disorder in pregnancy | |
10 | 11 | |||||||||