Table 3 Factors associated with high completed fertility among married and cohabiting women aged 40–49 years in Ghana
Variables | Model I Empty model | Model II aOR [95% CI] | Model III aOR [95% CI] | Model IV aOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Fixed effect results | ||||
Educational attainment | ||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 0.60 [0.33,1.09] | 0.66 [0.36,1.21] | ||
Secondary/higher | 0.26*** [0.15,0.47] | 0.32*** [0.17,0.58] | ||
Religion | ||||
Christians | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Muslims | 1.54 [0.77,3.10] | 1.46 [0.73,2.95] | ||
Traditional/no religion | 1.66 [0.61,4.54] | 1.72 [0.66,4.46] | ||
Current working status | ||||
Not working | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Working | 1.63 [0.79,3.36] | 1.56 [0.75,3.24] | ||
Read newspaper or magazine | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.08** [0.02,0.37] | 0.09** [0.02,0.40] | ||
Listen to radio | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.88 [0.54,1.44] | 0.90 [0.54,1.50] | ||
Watch television | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.84 [0.48,1.47] | 1.03 [0.59,1.80] | ||
Use Internet | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 0.48* [0.27,0.87] | 0.63 [0.33,1.19] | ||
Ethnicity | ||||
Akan | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Ga/Dangme/Ewe | 2.13* [1.03,4.38] | 2.32* [1.06,5.08] | ||
Mole Dagbani | 0.67 [0.26,1.74] | 0.73 [0.26,2.03] | ||
Others | 1.48 [0.64,3.40] | 1.61 [0.67,3.85] | ||
Partner educational attainment | ||||
No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Primary | 0.91 [0.42,1.99] | 0.87 [0.40,1.91] | ||
Secondary/higher | 0.93 [0.47,1.84] | 1.01 [0.49,2.05] | ||
Ideal number of children | ||||
0–3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
4–5 | 1.31 [0.71,2.41] | 1.31 [0.72,2.39] | ||
6 + | 5.58*** [2.92,10.68] | 5.60*** [2.90,10.82] | ||
Decision on healthcare | ||||
Respondent | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Joint | 1.62 [0.98,2.69] | 1.71* [1.03,2.83] | ||
Others | 1.63 [0.88,3.04] | 1.57 [0.83,2.95] | ||
Contraceptive use | ||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 5.09*** [2.93,8.84] | 2.31* [1.17,4.55] | ||
Sex of household head | ||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Female | 0.59* [0.35,0.98] | 0.56* [0.33,0.95] | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Poorer | 0.98 [0.50,1.90] | 1.26 [0.60,2.61] | ||
Middle | 0.93 [0.42,2.06] | 1.26 [0.51,3.07] | ||
Richer | 0.35* [0.14,0.85] | 0.51 [0.18,1.43] | ||
Richest | 0.17*** [0.07,0.45] | 0.37 [0.12,1.13] | ||
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Rural | 4.39*** [2.42,7.94] | 3.71*** [1.93,7.13] | ||
Region | ||||
Western | 0.50 [0.14,1.80] | 1.41 [0.32,6.17] | ||
Central | 0.23* [0.07,0.78] | 0.72 [0.16,3.16] | ||
Greater Accra | 0.12** [0.03,0.48] | 0.32 [0.06,1.63] | ||
Volta | 0.06*** [0.02,0.20] | 0.08** [0.02,0.40] | ||
Eastern | 0.13*** [0.04,0.42] | 0.26 [0.06,1.09] | ||
Ashanti | 0.28* [0.09,0.90] | 0.75 [0.20,2.83] | ||
Western North | 0.07*** [0.02,0.26] | 0.15* [0.03,0.67] | ||
Ahafo | 0.12*** [0.04,0.35] | 0.19* [0.05,0.70] | ||
Bono | 0.13** [0.04,0.47] | 0.25* [0.06,0.99] | ||
Bono East | 0.21* [0.06,0.69] | 0.52 [0.14,1.95] | ||
Oti | 1.29 [0.36,4.65] | 1.74 [0.39,7.84] | ||
Northern | 0.50 [0.16,1.54] | 0.50 [0.15,1.63] | ||
Savannah | 0.48 [0.14,1.65] | 0.32 [0.09,1.21] | ||
Northeast | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
Upper East | 0.16** [0.04,0.56] | 0.30 [0.08,1.12] | ||
Upper West | 0.26* [0.08,0.84] | 0.38 [0.11,1.32] | ||
Random effect model | ||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 8.35 [6.03, 11.56] | 8.51 [5.61, 12.91] | 5.03 [3.68, 6.83] | 8.17 [5.46, 12.21] |
ICC | 0.72 [0.65, 0.78] | 0.72 [0.63, 0.80] | 0.60 [0.53,0.68] | 0.71 [0.62,0.79] |
N | 2231 | 2231 | 2231 | 2231 |
Number of clusters | 597 | 597 | 597 | 597 |