Table 3 Score of physical activity barriers and its subscales (n = 465)

Intrapersonal barriers

I cannot be physically active because of drowsiness

I cannot be physically active because I lack energy and tiredness

I cannot be physically active because I do not have physical activity habits

Although pregnancy is a time for rest, I can still be physically active

I cannot be physically active because of the heavy feeling of pregnancy (swelling and weight)

I cannot be physically active because of my abdominal size and my appearance

I cannot be physically active because of pain (such as back pain, hip pain, and headache)

I cannot be physically active because of shortness of breath

I do not engage in physical activity because of possible pregnancy complications such as miscarriages and premature labour

I cannot be physically active because of pregnancy gastrointestinal problems (such as nausea, vomiting, and heartburn)

Non-pregnancy intrapersonal barriers

Physical activity is too hard work for me

I do not engage in physical activity because I lack confidence in my physical ability

I do not have the patience to do physical activity

I cannot be physically active because I do not have a regular schedule in life

Because of family and childbearing responsibilities/activities, I do not have enough time to engage in physical activity

Interpersonal barriers

In our society, it's not customary for pregnant women to engage in physical activity

I do not engage in physical activity because I do not have access to complete information about physical activity during pregnancy

I do not engage in physical activity because my friends/ relative forbids me from doing physical activity during pregnancy

I do not engage in physical activity because the physician/ midwife does not provide advice on how to do physical activity safely during pregnancy

I can engage in physical activity, but the physician/midwife does not advise on the benefits of physical activity during pregnancy

Environmental barriers

I can be physically active, but air pollution prevents me from doing physical activity outdoors

I do not engage in physical activity because I do not have access to a suitable vehicle for transportation

I do not do physical activity because it is difficult in unfavourable weather (too cold/hot)

I don't engage in physical activity because I am not able to pay for physical activities

I do not engage in physical activity because there are no specific physical activity programs designed for pregnant women

I do not engage in physical activity because parks are unsafe and unsuitable for pregnant women to do physical activity

I do not do physical activity because I lack space at home

There is too great a distance from my home to facilities designed for physical activity

There are very few places where I can do physical activity

Total mean