Domestic violence laws and women’s unmet need for family planning: Quasi-experimental evidence from Africa

Table 3 Impact on unmet need for family planning among married or cohabiting women of reproductive age

Country	Sample size (% exposed)	Unmet need treatment effects^† (95% CI)	Unmet need treatment effects^† (95% CI)	Unmet need treatment effects^† (95% CI)
Country	Sample size (% exposed)	(1) Null model	(2) Individual-level covariates	(3) Individual and country-level covariates
Pooled	367,208	− 5.7***	− 6.0***	− 6.2***
Pooled	(33.6%)	(− 8.4, − 3.0)	(− 8.8, − 3.2)	(− 9.2, − 3.2)
Ethiopia	176,082	− 11.6***	− 13.4***	− 14.9***
Ethiopia	(8.6%)	(− 13.7, − 9.6)	(− 15.3, − 11.4)	(− 17.3, − 12.4)
Ghana	162,998	− 0.75	− 0.25	11.04
Ghana	(2.3%)	(− 6.1, 4.6)	(− 6.1, 5.6)	(− 6.3, 28.4)
Lesotho	165,219	− 10.6***	− 10.0***	− 3.4
Lesotho	(1.7%)	(− 13.1, − 8.2)	(− 12.5, − 7.4)	(− 13.5, 6.7)
Madagascar	177,097	0.17	0.17	0.4
Madagascar	(9.7%)	(− 2.4, 2.8)	(− 2.6, 2.9)	(− 1.2, 1.9)
Malawi	190,420	− 2.8***	− 3.7***	− 8.7***
Malawi	(12.6%)	(− 4.7, − 0.9)	(− 5.9, − 1.4)	(− 14.3, − 3.0)
Namibia	162,143	− 10.1***	− 10.3***	− 1.4
Namibia	(2.2%)	(− 11.4, − 8.9)	(− 11.9, − 8.7)	(− 15.2, 12.3)
Rwanda	177,739	− 11.6***	− 12.2***	− 12.4***
Rwanda	(9.0%)	(− 12.8, − 10.4)	(− 13.5, − 10.9)	(− 13.1, − 11.8)
Zambia	176,250	− 3.7***	− 3.8***	− 6.5***
Zambia	(7.8%)	(− 4.2, − 3.2)	(− 4.5, − 3.1)	(− 9.5, − 3.6)
Zimbabwe	169,750	1.3	0.4	− 4.8
Zimbabwe	(5.2%)	(− 1.5, 4.1)	(− 2.5, 3.2)	(− 16.4, 6.8)

^†Treatment effects reported the change in the probability of unmet need in percentage points terms with 95% confidence intervals (CI)
*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1. Standard errors clustered at the country-level
TWFE model with survey year fixed effects and country fixed effects
Controls: Individual-level controls include women’s age in 5-year intervals, education, age at first marriage, family size, wealth, and rural/urban residence. Country-level controls include country’s urbanization rates over time

ISSN: 1742-4755