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Table 4 Heterogeneity in the impact of DV laws on women’s unmet need for family planning across different groups of women

From: Domestic violence laws and women’s unmet need for family planning: Quasi-experimental evidence from Africa

Country

Unmet need treatment effectsa (95% CI)

Unmet need interaction effectsb (95% CI)

A: Location

 Rural (base)

 − 6.7*** (− 10.3, − 3.1)

 

 Urban

 − 10.4*** (− 16.4, − 4.4)

 − 3.7 (− 9.5, 1.9)

B: Wealth

 Poorest (base)

 − 4.5** (− 8.7, − 0.3)

 

 Poor

 − 5.2*** (− 8.8, − 1.5)

 − 0.7 (− 3.1, 1.7)

 Middle

 − 7.8*** (− 11.5, − 4.2)

 − 3.3* (− 7.3, 0.6)

 Rich

 − 9.5*** (− 13.8, − 5.3)

 − 5.0** (− 10.1, − 0.0)

 Richest

 − 11.4*** (− 17.5, − 5.3)

 − 6.9** (− 13.1, − 0.7)

C: Education

 No education (base)

 − 3.4 (− 7.8, 1.1)

 

 Primary

 − 8.0*** (− 11.5, − 4.4)

 − 4.6*** (− 7.5, − 1.7)

 Secondary

 − 9.4*** (− 14.5, − 4.3)

 − 6.0** (− 11.4, − 0.8)

 Higher

 − 11.6*** (− 18.7, − 4.4)

 − 8.2*** (− 13.8, − 2.6)

D: Age

 15–19 (base)

 − 2.8 (− 6.5, 0.9)

 

 2024

 − 9.5*** (− 13.8, − 5.4)

 − 6.7*** (− 8.8, − 4.7)

 2529

 − 8.7*** (− 12.4, − 5.1)

 − 5.9*** (− 7.6, − 4.2)

 3034

 − 7.6*** (− 11.3, − 3.9)

 − 4.8*** (− 6.5, − 3.1)

 35–39

 − 5.6*** (− 9.2, − 2.2)

 − 2.8*** (− 4.7, − 1.0)

 4045

 − 11.2*** (− 18.7, − 3.7)

 − 8.4** (− 14.8, − 2.0)

E: Marriage after DV law

 Before (base)

 − 7.4*** (− 10.7, − 4.1)

 

 After

 − 8.7*** (− 12.9, − 4.5)

 − 1.3 (− 3.3, 0.6)

F: Partner’s fertility preferencesc

 More (base)

 − 6.1*** (− 10.4, − 1.8)

 

 Same

 − 9.5*** (− 13.8, − 5.3)

 − 3.4 (− 7.7, 0.9)

 Fewer

 − 8.5** (− 12.4, − 4.7)

 − 2.4* (− 5.3, 0.4)

  1. aTreatment effects reported the change in the probability of unmet need in percentage points terms with 95% confidence intervals (CI)
  2. bInteraction effects show the additional change in the probability of unmet need for the subgroup with respect to the omitted base category with 95% CI
  3. cExcluded women who reported they don’t know their partner’s fertility preferences
  4. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1
  5. Standard errors clustered at the country-level
  6. TWFE model with survey year fixed effects and country fixed effects
  7. Controls: Individual-level controls include women’s age in 5-year intervals, education, age at first marriage, family size, wealth, and rural/urban residence. Country-level controls include country’s urbanization rates over time