Table 1 Summary of epidemiology and etiologies of vaginal injuries

Vaginal delivery

Obstetric laceration

53–79%

in vaginal delivery women

Perineal pain, bleeding, hematoma formation and infection;

Urinary and fecal incontinence;

Sexual dysfunction.

Obstetric RVF

0.02%–0.4%

Impact physical, social and mental health;

Limit daily activities.

Trauma

Non-obstetric VVT(straddle injuries, sexual assault and abuse)

3.7%

Vaginal lacerations and abrasions;

Vulvar hematoma and pain;

Dysuria;

Psychological problems.

Tumor

Radical hysterectomy

/

Reduction in vaginal length (3 cm);

Dyspareunia, orgasm difficulty and sexual dissatisfaction.

VVF 0.3%–2.61%

Depression and anxiety;

Secondary surgery and readmission;

Delay adjuvant therapy.

Pelvic radiotherapy

VS 2.5%−88%

Vaginal dryness, bleeding and pain;

Vaginal fibrosis, adhesion and obliteration;

Affect sexual life.

Vaginal necrosis 3%−6%

Fistula formation, perforation, even death.

Congenital anomaly of vaginal development

MRKH syndrome

1/5000

in live female births

No vagina;

Primary amenorrhea;

Affect sexual life;

Vaginoplasty complications.

Menopause

VA

39%

in postmenopausal women

Vaginal itching, dryness and dyspareunia;

Affect QOL;

POP.